Frame by Frame

Stop-motion animation is the most labor-intensive filmmaking technique in existence.

A single second of screen time requires twenty-four separate photographic frames. Each frame requires the animator to move every element in the shot by a fraction: a head tilt, a finger curl, a shadow shift: photograph it, move it again, photograph it again. A feature film represents years of this work, frame by frame, in a process that can’t be rushed without becoming visible.

The films on this list span two distinct traditions. Ray Harryhausen’s Dynamation technique (articulated metal armatures beneath latex skin, integrated into live-action footage through optical printing) brought mythological creatures to life in the 1950s through 1980s with a handmade quality that CGI has never replicated because CGI doesn’t move the way something with weight and resistance moves. The modern stop-motion tradition, from Aardman’s clay-and-wire characters to LAIKA’s 3D-printed faces, carries that handmade quality forward with new tools and new ambitions.

I prefer a wobbly Harryhausen skeleton to a flawless render, and I don’t think that’s nostalgia talking. A CGI dragon is an expensive guess about weight. Someone patiently nudged a stop-motion dragon on a table twenty-four times for every second you see. That patience is what I’m ranking here, and it’s why I care about this list more than most of the lists on this site.

What unites these twenty films is the mark of the human hand: the slight imperfection that digital perfection can’t reproduce, the sense that someone made this, physically, one frame at a time. In an era of flawless CGI, that imperfection is the point.

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1. The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958)

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“From the land beyond beyond, from the world past hope and fear, I bid you genie, now appear.”

Ray Harryhausen’s first color film is the template for everything the adventure fantasy genre attempted for the next thirty years.

The Cyclops, the dragon, the skeleton swordfight: each creature is a unique physical object, built and animated by one man with a precision that required him to think in fractions of inches. Harryhausen didn’t just animate monsters. He gave them personality: the Cyclops’s lumbering curiosity, the Roc’s territorial fury, through the specificity of their movement.

Bernard Herrmann’s score is one of cinema’s finest, a brass-and-percussion argument for wonder that sustains the film through its quieter passages and lifts its spectacular ones. The collaboration between Harryhausen’s imagery and Herrmann’s music is one of the great creative partnerships in genre cinema history.

The 7th Voyage of Sinbad is where Harryhausen’s mature style arrived fully formed. Every film that followed refined what was first defined here: the integration of fantasy creatures into a world that treats them as real, animated with enough weight and specificity that the audience accepts them without question.

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2. Jason and the Argonauts (1963)

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“The gods of Greece are jealous of their power.”

Harryhausen’s masterpiece and the peak of the Dynamation technique: a film whose skeleton fight sequence remains, sixty years later, the finest achievement in stop-motion animation.

Seven skeletons fighting three men at the same time: each skeleton required individual animation for every frame, and each frame required Harryhausen to track twenty-one points of articulation across seven figures while maintaining spatial relationships with live actors shot months earlier. Four months of work for four minutes of screen time. The result is still astonishing.

The film was butchered in distribution: the ending was cut, leaving Jason’s story incomplete in ways that frustrated audiences and remains unresolved. What survives is the better half of what should have been a definitive mythological epic: Talos rising from his plinth, the Hydra, the Harpies, the Clashing Rocks. Each sequence is a demonstration of craft at a level that had no precedent and has had no true successor.

The lost ending is still a bad cut. Somebody in distribution looked at a film that had cost Harryhausen four months for a single fight scene and decided the story could just stop, and we’ve been stuck with the damn stump ever since. It’s still the film I’d show anyone who claims stop-motion looks cheap, and I’d enjoy watching that skeleton fight change their mind.

Harryhausen considered this his best work. He was right. The skeleton fight alone justifies the film’s place on any list of animation achievements, and the film around it’s the finest live-action fantasy of its era.

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3. The Valley of Gwangi (1969)

“The valley is forbidden. There are reasons.”

Harryhausen’s most underrated film takes the King Kong premise: a creature from a lost world captured and brought into civilization with catastrophic results, and sets it against the backdrop of a Mexican Wild West show, a combination that should be absurd and instead generates real atmosphere. Gwangi the Allosaurus is one of Harryhausen’s finest creations: a predator with specific behavioral logic, animated with the weight and momentum of something that exists.

The roping sequence, cowboys on horseback attempting to lasso a living Allosaurus in a canyon, is a technical achievement that piles difficulty on difficulty. Harryhausen had to animate the dinosaur’s interaction with ropes held by live actors, maintaining consistent spatial relationships across hundreds of frames. The sequence took longer to complete than most entire films of the era.

The film’s ending (Gwangi burning in a cathedral, brought down by the civilization that couldn’t contain him) has the weight of real tragedy. Harryhausen’s creatures were things that didn’t belong in the world they were forced into, and their destruction was always at least partly the fault of the humans who disturbed them.

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4. Clash of the Titans (1981)

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“Release the Kraken!”

Harryhausen’s final film is his most ambitious in scope if not in execution: a full Greek mythological epic with Medusa, the Kraken, Calibos, Pegasus, and a mechanical owl that nobody asked for and everyone remembers. The film was already a period piece on release, competing with the digital compositing that Star Wars had made the new standard, and it suffered from comparisons it couldn’t win on technical grounds.

The Medusa sequence is Harryhausen’s last great set piece: a creature no one can look at directly, shot in torchlit shadow, moving with the sinuous logic of something serpentine. The challenge of animating a figure whose body transitions from human to snake required Harryhausen to solve problems he hadn’t encountered before, and the solution is still more convincing than the CGI remake’s version twenty-nine years later.

Clash of the Titans is the end of an era: the last major Hollywood film to use Dynamation as its primary visual effects technique. The remake exists. It’s better special effects and is a considerably worse film. The handmade imperfection of the original makes it worth watching forty years later while the remake has already been forgotten.

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5. The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)

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“There are few who deny, at what I do, I am the best.”

Henry Selick directed and Tim Burton conceived this film, a distinction that matters and that marketing frequently obscures. Selick’s achievement is the visual realization of Burton’s aesthetic vision at a level of craft that Burton’s own later stop-motion work has never quite matched: a world where the design logic is so consistent that nothing feels out of place, and where the stop-motion technique is the perfect medium for a story about beings who exist in a slightly wrong relationship with reality.

Jack Skellington is animation’s finest portrait of creative dissatisfaction: a being who’s perfect at what he does and bored by his own perfection, reaching for something outside his expertise and creating disaster. Danny Elfman’s score and songs are his finest work, building a musical world as coherent and specific as the visual one.

Jack is the character on this list who moves me most. Anyone who’s gotten very good at something and then found it didn’t fill the hole knows that ache, and Selick lets it be funny and sad in the same shot. My only gripe is the one the marketing created: Burton’s name gets the glory for direction that was Selick’s.

It belongs to Halloween and Christmas at once, so it’s never left the cultural calendar. It made the outsider’s perspective: the one who doesn’t fit the season they’re supposed to inhabit, into something beautiful and permanent.

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6. James and the Giant Peach (1996)

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“Dare to dream of far-off places.”

Selick followed Nightmare Before Christmas with Roald Dahl’s darkest children’s story: a boy orphaned when a rhinoceros ate his parents, living with two monstrous aunts, escaping inside a giant peach with a crew of oversized insects. The combination of live-action bookends and stop-motion main body was a technical challenge that Selick solved with more confidence than the blend usually achieves.

The insect characters (Centipede’s bravado, Earthworm’s anxiety, Grasshopper’s dignity) are distinct enough to function as real ensemble instead of supporting background. The mechanical shark attack and the underwater sequence show Selick pushing the stop-motion medium into territory it hadn’t inhabited before, using the technique’s inherent unreality to make the fantastical feel grounded.

I enjoy this one a great deal, and the insects are the reason. My reservation is the live-action bookends. Selick handles the blend better than most directors would, but whenever the film goes back to flesh-and-blood actors I want the puppets back, because the puppets are where the life is.

James and the Giant Peach is the Dahl adaptation that most captures what Dahl was doing: using the vocabulary of children’s stories to examine cruelty, loneliness, and the powerlessness of childhood with more honesty than the comfortable adaptations permit.

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7. Chicken Run (2000)

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“The chickens are revolting!”

Nick Park and Peter Lord made a Great Escape for chickens and produced one of the finest comedies in British cinema history regardless of medium or target audience. The Aardman studio’s clay-and-wire technique is at its peak here: every character’s face expressive enough to carry real emotion, the world of Tweedy’s farm rendered with enough specificity that the absurdity of the premise never undermines the stakes.

The comedy works at multiple levels: slapstick for younger viewers, war film parody and dry British wit for adults, character comedy that works for everyone. Ginger’s determination, Rocky’s bluster, Babs’s oblivious cheerfulness, Fowler’s military pomposity: the ensemble is built with the care of a live-action comedy that’s spent real time on character. The pie machine sequence escalates with the precision of Buster Keaton at his best.

The pie machine is the sequence I’d show anyone who thinks clay animation is kid stuff. It’s timed like great silent comedy, and those chickens carry more personality than plenty of live-action comedy casts manage. If I’ve got a complaint, it’s a small one: the film ends before I’m ready to leave the farm.

Chicken Run remains the highest-grossing stop-motion film in history. It got there through the combination of craft, wit, and real affection for its characters that Aardman has always understood and that the industry has never fully replicated.

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8. Corpse Bride (2005)

“With this hand I will lift your sorrows. Your cup will never empty, for I will be your wine.”

Burton’s most visually coherent film uses the contrast between the land of the living and the land of the dead to make its central argument visible: the world of the living is gray, constrained, and joyless; the underworld is saturated, musical, and alive. The irony is the film’s theme: that the dead have more life in them than the living, and that the dead woman’s love is more honest than anything the living world offers.

Emily the Corpse Bride is one of stop-motion animation’s most sympathetic characters: a woman who died betrayed and has spent her afterlife believing she found what was taken from her, whose love is real even as the premise is impossible. Helena Bonham Carter voices her with a sadness that the design makes visible in every frame.

Shorter than it should be, the film ends more abruptly than the story warrants: a pattern in Burton’s work that suggests ideas pursued to a point and then abandoned. What’s there’s beautiful. Danny Elfman’s songs are his second finest after Nightmare Before Christmas. The visual world Burton and the animators built deserved more time inside it.

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9. Mary and Max (2009)

“You are my best friend. You are my only friend.”

Adam Elliot made the most emotionally devastating stop-motion film ever produced, a Claymation correspondence between an eight-year-old Australian girl and a middle-aged American man with Asperger’s syndrome, spanning twenty years, rendered in the most deliberately ugly visual style in the genre. Mary’s world is brown and drab.

Max’s world is gray and cluttered. Neither world is beautiful. The friendship between them is the only color in the film.

Philip Seymour Hoffman’s voice performance as Max is one of the finest voice performances in animation history: a man for whom every social interaction requires conscious effort, whose letters to Mary are the one form of communication he’s found that doesn’t overwhelm him, whose friendship is entirely real and entirely incapable of operating in real time. Toni Collette’s Mary is the flip side: a child who lacks the social ease that the world expects and finds in Max the only person who has never made her feel wrong.

The final scene won’t leave you. Elliot built toward it for eighty-six minutes with the patience of a man who knew exactly what he was building and trusted the audience to follow him there. Mary and Max is a film about loneliness that uses animation because no other medium could have made it bearable to watch.

I’d warn anyone before they press play on this one, because it hurts. Elliot made everything brown and gray and let two lonely letter writers supply the only warmth, and I think that’s the bravest design choice anyone’s made in the medium. It also buries the lazy idea that animation is a children’s format.

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10. Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)

“I’m a wild animal.”

Wes Anderson found the medium that suits him best with this Roald Dahl adaptation, stop-motion’s inherent artifice and the slightly wrong proportions of puppet characters match Anderson’s visual sensibility perfectly, and the fur deliberately left in motion between frames (which Anderson insisted on keeping despite convention) gives the film a handmade quality that his live-action work has always aspired to and only partially achieved.

This is both a children’s adventure and a midlife crisis story, Mr. Fox’s insistence on being wild is a forty-something man’s refusal to accept domesticity, and Anderson treats both readings with equal sincerity. George Clooney’s Fox has the charm of a man who’s fully aware of his own charm and has never stopped finding it useful. The ensemble (Meryl Streep, Jason Schwartzman, Bill Murray, Michael Gambon) brings Anderson’s signature deadpan to fur-covered characters with complete commitment.

Fantastic Mr. Fox is the most playful film on this list and among the most precise, Anderson’s symmetrical compositions and warm color palette applied to puppet animation produce something that looks completely unlike anything else in the genre. It’s a joy, the thing Dahl’s original intended and which most Dahl adaptations fail to be.

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11. Coraline (2009)

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“Be careful what you wish for.”

Henry Selick’s adaptation of Neil Gaiman’s novella is the finest horror film aimed at children and one of the finest horror films in any category: a story about a girl who finds a door to a parallel world where everything is better, and slowly realizes that better was the trap. The Other Mother’s design evolution, from welcoming mirror image to spider-limbed nightmare, is one of animation’s great visual arcs: the seduction made visible in its gradual corruption.

LAIKA’s production introduced 3D-printed face replacement as a technique, allowing thousands of subtle facial expressions that clay manipulation alone can’t produce. The result is characters whose emotional range matches what live-action actors achieve, without sacrificing the physical texture of stop-motion. The real world’s muted palette versus the Other World’s oversaturated color is one of the medium’s finest uses of visual contrast as story argument.

Coraline scared a generation of children and rightly so. Gaiman wrote a story about the danger of wanting more than you have, and Selick translated it into images that make the abstract concrete. The button eyes are the film’s signature image because they’re the perfect visual metaphor: something that looks like seeing but can’t feel.

Coraline is the one I’d defend hardest against anyone who calls this a list of kids’ movies. It respects children enough to frighten them properly, and I think that’s a kindness. The sanitized stuff treats young viewers as if they’ll shatter, and they won’t. My only small quibble is that the real-world stretch before the door opens runs a touch long.

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12. ParaNorman (2012)

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“Just because someone’s dead doesn’t mean they’re gone.”

LAIKA’s second feature took the outsider protagonist of Coraline and pushed the theme further: a boy who can see and speak to the dead, bullied and misunderstood, whose gift turns out to be exactly what his town requires when a centuries-old curse activates. The film is an extended argument for empathy toward people who are different, delivered through zombie comedy, Salem witch trial history, and a climax that does something almost no children’s horror film attempts: it asks the villain for understanding instead of defeating them.

The animation quality represents LAIKA pushing their 3D printing technique further: the zombie designs in particular achieve a range of grotesque expressiveness that’s funny and unsettling at the same time. The thunderstorm climax, with its supernatural light show and real emotional stakes, is stop-motion animation operating at the level of visual ambition that the technique’s best practitioners have always believed it capable of.

ParaNorman is the LAIKA film that most clearly states the studio’s philosophical project: using the horror genre’s vocabulary to argue for compassion toward anyone who doesn’t fit the world they’re born into. That argument has been consistent across everything they’ve made.

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13. Frankenweenie (2012)

“Just because something is different doesn’t mean it’s bad.”

Burton expanded his 1984 live-action short into a feature that’s both his most personal film and his most technically accomplished stop-motion work. Victor Frankenstein reanimates his dead dog Sparky: the child’s grief for a lost pet made literal, the science fair as Frankenstein’s laboratory, suburban New Holland as the Universal horror village. Burton shot in black and white, the correct choice: the film belongs to the era of Whale and Karloff and needs to look like it.

Its real emotion comes from its refusal to condescend to a child’s grief. Victor’s love for Sparky is absolute and the story takes that love seriously: the logic of his decision to bring Sparky back is impeccable from inside a child’s understanding of death and love, and Burton never undermines it. The supporting characters are Universal Monster tributes that Burton has clearly been storing in his imagination since childhood, deployed here with the affection of a lifelong horror fan finally given permission to use them all.

Frankenweenie is Burton’s most coherent and most heartfelt film in twenty years. The black-and-white palette, the classic horror references, and the complete sincerity about a boy and his dog produce something that his more ambitious color spectaculars have consistently failed to achieve: a film that feels like it came from somewhere real.

The best stop-motion films build worlds of extraordinary detail. Master the craft of world-building in the Deep Character Handbook.

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14. The Boxtrolls (2014)

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“Monsters aren’t born. They’re made.”

LAIKA’s third feature is their most visually spectacular. A Victorian steampunk city built in extraordinary detail, populated by creatures whose design logic is completely consistent and whose underground world is as fully realized as any environment in stop-motion history. The Boxtrolls themselves are the medium’s finest expression of creatures whose identity comes from what they carry instead of what they are: beings who wear their homes on their backs and are comprehensible only through their objects.

Archibald Snatcher, the villain, is LAIKA’s most psychologically interesting antagonist: a man whose entire identity is organized around social aspiration, whose obsession with cheese he can’t eat is one of animation’s finest extended metaphors for wanting what you can never have. Ben Kingsley’s voice performance gives him a real pathos that prevents the film from being simple.

The Boxtrolls is LAIKA’s most ambitious world-building exercise. The film’s story doesn’t quite match the world it inhabits: the narrative is thinner than the environment that contains it, but the environment itself is one of stop-motion animation’s great achievements, and the end credits sequence. That shows the animators at work inside the film itself, is the most honest and joyful thing any animation studio has ever put in an end credits sequence.

I like The Boxtrolls a lot, and the thin story is what keeps me from liking it more. The city is so rich that I kept wanting a plot worthy of it. That end credits sequence, with the animators at work inside their own film, is my favorite moment in the whole LAIKA catalog.

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15. Anomalisa (2015)

“Is there any meaning to any of this?”

Charlie Kaufman chose stop-motion for this film because the medium’s inherent artifice makes the right argument: Michael Stone’s condition (he hears every other person on earth as the same voice, sees every face as the same face) is visible in the puppet construction itself, every character except Lisa built from the same mold, every voice performed by the same actor. The medium is the metaphor, deployed with the precision that only Kaufman thinks to bring to formal decisions.

Rated R, the film earns it: the stop-motion love scene between Michael and Lisa is more emotionally honest than most live-action equivalents because the puppet bodies’ limitations make the tenderness the point instead of the mechanics. Jennifer Jason Leigh’s Lisa voice is the film’s center: a woman who sounds like no one else, who the film treats as unusual for a quality that’s simply her own specific self, the ordinary made extraordinary by one man’s desperate need for it to be.

Anomalisa is the most adult film on this list by every measure: thematically, formally, emotionally. It asks whether real human connection is possible for someone whose depression has made every other person interchangeable, and it answers with the cruelty of temporary clarity: yes, but not for long, and not for you. It’s a devastating film made by a filmmaker who understood exactly what he was making.

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16. Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)

“If you must blink, do it now.”

LAIKA’s finest film is also stop-motion animation’s technical peak, a Japanese folklore epic whose giant skeleton battle involved the largest stop-motion puppet ever built and whose visual ambition hasn’t been matched before or since. Director Travis Knight built a film that’s an argument about storytelling itself: Kubo’s shamisen brings origami to life and animates the stories he tells, making the act of narrative a literal magical power.

Grief and memory are its subject. About what stories we tell about the dead and why those stories are the most powerful things we leave behind. It handles that theme with a directness that most animated films would deflect into sentiment, and the directness is exactly what makes the final act devastating. The villain’s revelation reframes the entire film without invalidating anything that preceded it.

Kubo and the Two Strings lost the Best Animated Feature Oscar to Zootopia, one of the Academy’s less defensible decisions in the animation category. LAIKA’s achievement here (technically, narratively, emotionally) represents stop-motion animation operating beyond what anyone had shown the medium could do. It’s the category’s masterpiece.

That Oscar loss still stings. Zootopia is a perfectly pleasant film, and the Academy handed it the prize over the most ambitious thing LAIKA has ever made. Kubo is the film I’d use to prove stop-motion can carry grief as well as any live-action drama, and it does it with paper and music.

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17. Isle of Dogs (2018)

“I bite.”

Anderson’s second stop-motion film is more ambitious than Fantastic Mr. Fox in scope and more melancholy in tone: a dystopian Japan where all dogs have been exiled to a garbage island, and a boy who crosses to the island to find his dog. The film is a political allegory (propaganda, institutional corruption, manufactured fear) and as an adventure story and as an extended tribute to Kurosawa, and Anderson manages all three tones without any of them crowding out the others.

The stop-motion technique reaches perhaps its most sophisticated expression in Anderson’s hands here.

His compositional precision applied to puppet animation produces frames of such density and care that the film rewards pausing as much as watching. Alexandre Desplat’s taiko-influenced score is one of the finest in recent animation. The ensemble voice cast (Bryan Cranston, Edward Norton, Bill Murray, Jeff Goldblum, Bob Balaban) brings the deadpan Anderson ensemble style to dogs with complete commitment.

Isle of Dogs is a film that works on every level it attempts: visually, politically, emotionally, comically. Its vision of a society that manufactures fear of the other to serve political convenience isn’t subtle. It doesn’t need to be. The garbage island where the exiled dogs survive is one of animation’s most fully realized environments, built from the detritus of a society that turned on the things that loved it most.

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18. Mad God (2021)

“There is no God here. Only what we have made.”

Phil Tippett began this film in 1987, worked on it intermittently for three decades, and completed it at seventy-one years old. The result is the most personal and the most extreme stop-motion film ever made: a wordless descent through a hellscape of industrial horror, organic decay, and ritual violence that draws on H.P. Lovecraft, Dante, Hieronymus Bosch, and the Book of Job to build a vision of creation as an act of pointless cruelty. It’s not for everyone.

It’s for people who want to see what one man’s imagination looks like when given thirty years to accumulate without external constraint.

Tippett is one of the great practical effects artists in Hollywood history. His work on Star Wars, RoboCop, and Jurassic Park established techniques that the industry built upon for decades. Mad God is what he made when nobody was asking him to make anything commercial, and it shows what an artist of his skill does when freed entirely from audience expectation: he descends into the darkest material his imagination contains and renders it with absolute technical mastery.

Mad God is among the most unusual things the stop-motion medium has produced: a film that could only exist because one person refused to abandon it across three decades, building an accumulated vision of human suffering and divine indifference that no studio would have financed and no committee would have approved. Art made outside all systems, frame by frame, over a lifetime.

I respect Mad God more than I enjoy it, and I’m fine with that. Thirty years of one man’s nightmares is a hard sit. Still, one film like this, made by someone who refused to quit, is worth more to me than a dozen polite studio features that nobody will remember.

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19. Wendell & Wild (2022)

“The dead don’t stay gone if the living won’t let them go.”

Henry Selick returned to stop-motion after a thirteen-year absence with a Netflix collaboration that combined his visual sensibility with Jordan Peele’s horror-comedy tone: a teenage girl who can summon demons from hell, two demonic brothers trying to escape their father’s service, a small town whose corporate corruption and racial injustice intertwine with the supernatural. The ambition is visible in every frame. The execution is uneven in ways that thirty more minutes of running time might have resolved.

In the stop-motion work, Selick is at his most imaginative: the hell sequences in particular achieve a visual inventiveness that matches Coraline’s Other World in strangeness and surpasses it in darkness. Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele voice the demonic brothers with the comic chemistry of longtime collaborators, and Lyric Ross’s Kat is the most complex teenage protagonist in the stop-motion tradition: angry, grieving, capable of poor choices, and the agent of her own story.

Wendell & Wild is a flawed film with sequences of real brilliance: the kind of stop-motion feature that shows what the medium can do when it works at full ambition, and how far execution can fall short of that ambition. It belongs on this list for what it achieves and for what it attempts, and that’s more than most animated features dare.

This one frustrates me. The hell sequences take off, then the story trips over its own subplots, and I kept wishing somebody had handed Selick another half hour. I’d still take an overstuffed Selick film over a tidy, forgettable one, and it’s good to have him back.

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20. Pinocchio (2022)

“You are made of wood and stardust. You are the most wondrous thing I have ever seen.”

Guillermo del Toro spent fifteen years developing a Pinocchio set in Mussolini’s Italy: a choice that turns the story’s central theme from a tale about lying into a story about obedience, the pressure to conform to what authority demands versus the insistence on being exactly what you are. Pinocchio’s rebelliousness, usually framed as a flaw to be corrected, becomes here the film’s highest value: he refuses to be what the Fascist state requires, not through virtue but through the stubborn fact of his own nature.

Mark Gustafson oversaw the stop-motion work, handling the physical production while del Toro handled the creative vision, and the result is the most texturally rich of any film on this list. Every surface shows the mark of the hand that built it: Geppetto’s grief-roughened skin, Pinocchio’s wood grain, the fraying fabric of the carnival tent. The film looks like people who love objects made it, the correct aesthetic for a story about a man who loved a carved piece of wood enough to make it his son.

Del Toro’s Pinocchio won the Oscar for Best Animated Feature and deserved it fully. It’s the most mature and most emotionally honest Pinocchio adaptation ever made: a film that takes the story’s theme of death seriously, that understands Geppetto’s grief as what drives the narrative, and that uses the stop-motion medium’s handmade quality as an argument for the value of imperfect, mortal, irreplaceable things.

Del Toro’s version is the one that made me care about Geppetto. Every other telling I can think of treats him as a kindly old prop, and this one makes his grief the whole engine. It’s the right film to close this list, because it’s about loving something handmade enough to call it alive.

What the Hand Remembers

These twenty films span sixty-four years of stop-motion and Dynamation filmmaking, from Harryhausen’s workshop in the 1950s to del Toro’s Pinocchio in 2022. What connects them is the mark of the hand: the slight imperfection that digital animation can’t reproduce because digital animation achieves exactly what it intends, and stop-motion achieves what it intends plus everything that happens between intention and frame.

Harryhausen animated his creatures one twenty-fourth of a second at a time, alone, for years. The LAIKA animators move their puppets in fractions of millimeters, photograph them, move them again.

Phil Tippett built his hell across three decades. The labor is visible in the result as signature, not weakness: human hands made this, and human hands leave their mark on everything they touch.

In an era when the default is polished digital perfection, the handmade imperfection of stop-motion is a philosophical statement: some things are worth doing the slow way, frame by frame, with your hands, one moment at a time.

I get irritated when people call stop-motion a quaint relic, as if the only reason to do something slowly is that you didn’t know a faster way. These filmmakers knew the faster way. They chose the puppet and the camera anyway, and every film here is better for that stubbornness than the smooth, weightless product most studios would’ve handed us instead.

What Do You Think?

Which stop-motion or Dynamation film belongs on this list? Drop a comment: this is a genre where strong opinions are the only suitable response to the craft involved.

Honorable Mentions

1 more reviewed on this site and worth your time, ranked by the same scale as the list above.