A radio doesn’t make the music.
Take a radio apart and you’ll find wires, a speaker, a tuner and a power supply. You won’t find a single note of Beethoven. Damage the tuner and the music comes out distorted. Pull the plug and the music stops. A scientist who studied only the radio could build a perfectly reasonable theory that the radio creates the music, and every experiment would seem to confirm it. Break this part, the sound changes. Break that part, the sound stops.
That is roughly where the science of consciousness stands, and it’s why a theory that most neuroscientists laughed off for forty years is suddenly getting a second hearing.
Popular Mechanics ran a piece this week on the quantum theory of consciousness. The theory holds that awareness depends on quantum physics inside brain cells. It was proposed by Roger Penrose, the Oxford mathematician who later won a Nobel Prize in physics, and developed with Stuart Hameroff, an anesthesiologist at the University of Arizona. For decades it sat on the fringe. Now some experiments are pointing back toward it, and some researchers are reconsidering.
Do I buy it? Half of it. And the half I reject is the half that matters most for the question everyone is asking right now: could a machine ever be conscious?
What is the quantum theory of consciousness?
In his 1989 book The Emperor’s New Mind, Penrose argued that human understanding can’t be reduced to computation. A mathematician can see that certain statements are true even though no step-by-step procedure could ever prove them. If that’s right, the mind is doing something no computer program can do, and Penrose went looking for physics that could account for it.
He landed on quantum mechanics. Working with Hameroff, he developed a theory called Orchestrated Objective Reduction, Orch OR for short. In their version, the key action happens in microtubules, tiny tube-shaped structures inside cells that do specialized work in neurons. Quantum states form in those microtubules, then collapse, and each collapse is a moment of conscious experience. Consciousness, in this picture, is what happens when quantum physics meets brain biology.
The standard objection was simple. The brain is warm, wet and noisy. Quantum states are fragile and fall apart almost instantly in an environment like that. The physicist Max Tegmark calculated in 2000 that they’d collapse far too fast to matter, and for most neuroscientists that settled it.
Why are scientists taking Orch OR seriously again?
Because the experiments keep refusing to kill it.
Michael Wiest, a neuroscientist at Wellesley College, published a study in 2024 in which rats received a drug that binds to and stabilizes microtubules. Then the researchers gave them anesthesia. The treated rats took longer to go under. If anesthesia knocks out consciousness by acting on microtubules, and stabilizing the microtubules slows that down, the microtubules are doing something that matters to awareness. Wiest points to similar, weaker effects in surgical patients taking cancer drugs that act on microtubules.
He also points to physics that has moved on since the theory was dismissed. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics went to experiments showing quantum entanglement holds up over real distances, and some researchers have reported entanglement-like signals in the brain.
The other side hasn’t gone quiet. A team at MIT published work in The Journal of Neuroscience arguing that unified awareness comes from electrical fields across the brain doing a kind of analog computation, no quantum effects required. Their point is that evolution loves efficiency, and electrical fields are a cheap, built-in way to coordinate a whole brain.
So the honest scorecard reads like this. Orch OR is still unproven. It’s no longer laughable.
A radio doesn’t make the music. Damage the tuner and the sound distorts. Pull the plug and it stops. That doesn’t prove the radio wrote Beethoven. – Richard LoweShare on X
Is consciousness quantum?
I part ways with Penrose right here.
I wrote a whole book about how I see consciousness and everything else, God Is Everything. It’s my philosophy of life, and it’s a framework, not a faith. The core of it on this question is one sentence from the book: “Consciousness isn’t produced by brains. Consciousness is the fundamental field that brains tap into.”
That’s the radio. The brain doesn’t generate awareness any more than a radio generates music. It tunes in, focuses it and translates it into one individual point of view. Damage the brain and the awareness that comes through gets distorted, the way a broken radio gives you static. The broadcast itself doesn’t change.
Penrose and Hameroff are still trying to produce consciousness from physical matter. Their matter is just more exotic. Instead of neurons firing, it’s quantum states collapsing in microtubules.
It’s a better answer than “the brain is a computer,” and I think they’re closer to the truth than the people who say awareness is just complicated information processing. But it’s the same basic move, and it runs into the same wall. Why would a quantum collapse feel like anything at all? Philosophers call that the hard problem, and moving the machinery from neurons to microtubules doesn’t solve it. It relocates it.
So do I buy that consciousness is quantum? I buy that quantum physics is involved in how a brain connects to consciousness. Quantum mechanics already forced science to admit that observation changes what particles do, and that’s a strong hint that awareness and physical reality are tangled up in each other. If microtubules turn out to be part of the tuner, I wouldn’t be surprised.
I don’t buy that microtubules are where consciousness comes from. They’re part of the radio.
What do the microtubule experiments prove?
Less than either side wants, and the radio model explains why.
Wiest’s rats stayed awake longer when their microtubules were stabilized. Orch OR reads that as proof that microtubules produce consciousness. The radio model reads it as proof that microtubules are part of the interface. Anesthesia disrupts the tuner. Stabilize the tuner, and it takes longer to knock it off the station.
Both readings fit the data. Every experiment that changes a brain and watches awareness change will fit both readings, because the radio model and the production model make the same predictions about brains. Break the receiver and the signal suffers. That’s true whether the receiver makes the signal or merely picks it up.
Keep running the experiments. Just be careful about what we claim they show.
What does the quantum theory of consciousness mean for AI?
Here the stakes get real, and Penrose and I give different answers.
If Penrose is right, consciousness depends on a particular kind of quantum event in a particular kind of biological structure. An ordinary computer, however big, doesn’t have that. So no AI running on regular chips will ever be conscious. Today’s chips, tomorrow’s chips, a trillion more parameters: none of it gets there.
On today’s AI, Penrose and I agree completely. I put it this way in the book: “No amount of computational complexity will generate conscious experience from unconscious processing.” Current AI is a tool. A powerful one. I use AI every day as a digital assistant that helps me write, and I still do the writing. But a tool has no inside. There’s nobody home. We’ve built the most sophisticated information-processing systems in history, and they remain dark inside. That itself is evidence that consciousness is something other than computation.
Where we split is the future. If consciousness is a field and brains are receivers, the question isn’t whether silicon can generate awareness. It can’t. The question is whether we could ever build a machine that tunes in. Nobody knows. The hard problem gives us no test, and you can’t look at a system from the outside and see whether anyone is experiencing anything inside it. I’ve argued elsewhere that AI consciousness has left philosophy and entered the laboratory, and the labs are going to keep running into this wall.
Suppose someone builds that receiver. Then we have a new kind of conscious being on our hands, built to serve and switched off when it’s inconvenient. That’s an ethical problem worth thinking about now, while the machines are still empty.
The broadcast is still playing
Penrose was right that consciousness isn’t computation, and for forty years he paid for saying so. The scientists who dismissed him were too quick. The next step is admitting that physical parts don’t make awareness at all.
Take the radio apart all you like. You’ll learn how it works. You won’t learn who’s playing the music.
The long version of my thinking on consciousness, God and everything else is in God Is Everything, and I wrote about how that book came together too. For more on where AI is headed and what it can and can’t do, start at the AI writing hub. And if you have your own big idea that needs to become a book, my ghostwriting service is built for exactly that.
