Houghton Mifflin Harcourt was an American publishing company formed in 2007 by the merger of Houghton Mifflin (founded 1832 in Boston) and Harcourt (founded 1919 in New York). It published Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Mark Twain across the nineteenth century, and J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings in its U.S. editions in the twentieth. Its trade publishing operation was sold to HarperCollins in 2021 and is now operated under the Mariner Books and Clarion Books imprints.
